QUESTION 17

1. According to John Hawthorne knowledge is distinctively valuable to us whereas true belief is not.

   A.

   False. Hawthorne does not think that knowledge is more valuable than true belief

   B.

   True. Hawthorne does think knowledge is more valuable than true belief. In fact, he argues that virtue epistemological accounts of knowledge where knowledge is presented as a kind of cognitive achievement are the right sorts of accounts.

1 points   

QUESTION 18

1. Provide an example for each of the following kinds of opposition statements: i) Appearance to Appearance, ii) Appearance to Thought, iii) Thought to Thought.

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   QUESTION 19

2. Which is the correct list of all the account of knowledge that Theaetetus provides in his conversation with Socrates?

   A.

   None of the above

   B.

   Knowledge as craft; Knowledge as True Belief with an Account, Knowledge as an agent’s virtue

   C.

   Knowledge as True Belief; Knowledge as True Belief that results from the workings of a Reliable Cognitive Mechanism; Knowledge as Perception

   D.

   Knowledge as True Belief; Knowledge as True Belief with and Account; Knowledge as Craft; Knowledge as Perception

   QUESTION 20

3. In his dialogue with Theatetus Socrates constructs an interesting argument in which he employs the first three syllables of his (Socrates’) name, ‘SOC’. In your own words please explain what this ‘SOC’ example supposed to illustrate?

   QUESTION 21

4. Plato creates a classification of what we might call ‘grades of human cognition’ depending on the level of reality they are concerned with. Please connect the cognitive grade with its corresponding level of reality.

            –           A.           B.           C.           D.      

   Opinion

            –           A.           B.           C.           D.      

   Knowledge

            –           A.           B.           C.           D.      

   True Understanding

            –           A.           B.           C.           D.      

   Belief

   A.

   Concrete Particulars (Plants, Animals, Slugs etc.)

   B.

   Phenomena (shadows, rainbows, optical illusions)

   C.

   Mathematics, Science

   D.

   The Good (Ultimate, unified Truth)

   QUESTION 22

   Adina Roskies argues that there is no need to worry that advances in Neuroscience will not cause people to give up the belief that people can be held morally responsible for their action. To adduces experimental data that supports her view. According to the experimental data she cites how do people, in fact, make judgements of moral responsibility?

   QUESTION 23

5. According to Benjamin Libet, the conscious mind has the power to veto motor signals from the unconscious brain ___.

   A.

   After the action has already been performed

   B.

   After the signal has been sent but before the action is performed

   C.

   In real time, as the signal is being formed somewhere deep in the brain

   QUESTION 24

6. What is reductionism in science?

   A.

   The idea that scientific theories are reducible to mathematical theorems

   B.

   None of the above. Reductionism is clearly false.

   C.

   The idea that every level of scientifically accessible level of reality can be explained in terms of the level below it. For example, that chemical facts can be reduced to facts about atoms, and atomic facts to facts about subatomic entities, etc,. In this way, the laws of biology are ultimately reducible to the laws of physics.

   D.

   The idea that scientific theories are reducible to epistemological theories

Write 4 page essay on the topic Writer can give the topic based on the paper.

The reconstructed oocytes proved that nuclei did envelope breakdown and the premature chromosomes condensed. On the fifth day, most embryos were diploid. The embryos were transferred to surrogate gilts, and three of them were found pregnant.One of them delivered a healthy transgenic piglet that did express the EGFP. Thereby, it was concluded that the combination of somatic cells by the replication defective vector with the nuclear transfer of colchicine treated donor does produce the transgenic pigs (Houdebine 19). In summary, the insertion of the DNA into the pronuclei of zygotes was a critical experiment that led to the research of transgenic pigs. The next stage was the transduction of the oocyte, which enables the integration of the defective retrovirus into the chromosomes. The process was applied to the pigs after a success in cattle.

Five pigs were used for the experiment. three were female and two male pigs. The effects of the transgene were same for both sexes. Transplant of organs was the main treatment aid aimed for with the usage of pigs. Body part tissues thereby are transferred into transgenic pigs. This is because transplant can be carried out between two species that are discordant such as the pigs and the human (Houdebine 30). This is because they have fewer genes that ate in common. Thereby so many pigs have been bred that are said to bear plenty of human flags in their cells. Other benefits of pigs are tat for years they have been used by human to treat diabetes. There insulin was known to cure diabetic diseases. Their heart valves were also used to replace those of human that were damaged.

Growth hormones were installed to the pigs to increase their growth rate and reduce the amount of feed that was required per unit of their weight gain (Houdebine 35). The most positive aspect with the hormone was that it ensured that