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QUESTION 17

1. According to John Hawthorne knowledge is distinctively valuable to us whereas true belief is not.

   A.

   False. Hawthorne does not think that knowledge is more valuable than true belief

   B.

   True. Hawthorne does think knowledge is more valuable than true belief. In fact, he argues that virtue epistemological accounts of knowledge where knowledge is presented as a kind of cognitive achievement are the right sorts of accounts.

1 points   

QUESTION 18

1. Provide an example for each of the following kinds of opposition statements: i) Appearance to Appearance, ii) Appearance to Thought, iii) Thought to Thought.

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   QUESTION 19

2. Which is the correct list of all the account of knowledge that Theaetetus provides in his conversation with Socrates?

   A.

   None of the above

   B.

   Knowledge as craft; Knowledge as True Belief with an Account, Knowledge as an agent’s virtue

   C.

   Knowledge as True Belief; Knowledge as True Belief that results from the workings of a Reliable Cognitive Mechanism; Knowledge as Perception

   D.

   Knowledge as True Belief; Knowledge as True Belief with and Account; Knowledge as Craft; Knowledge as Perception

   QUESTION 20

3. In his dialogue with Theatetus Socrates constructs an interesting argument in which he employs the first three syllables of his (Socrates’) name, ‘SOC’. In your own words please explain what this ‘SOC’ example supposed to illustrate?

   QUESTION 21

4. Plato creates a classification of what we might call ‘grades of human cognition’ depending on the level of reality they are concerned with. Please connect the cognitive grade with its corresponding level of reality.

            –           A.           B.           C.           D.      

   Opinion

            –           A.           B.           C.           D.      

   Knowledge

            –           A.           B.           C.           D.      

   True Understanding

            –           A.           B.           C.           D.      

   Belief

   A.

   Concrete Particulars (Plants, Animals, Slugs etc.)

   B.

   Phenomena (shadows, rainbows, optical illusions)

   C.

   Mathematics, Science

   D.

   The Good (Ultimate, unified Truth)

   QUESTION 22

   Adina Roskies argues that there is no need to worry that advances in Neuroscience will not cause people to give up the belief that people can be held morally responsible for their action. To adduces experimental data that supports her view. According to the experimental data she cites how do people, in fact, make judgements of moral responsibility?

   QUESTION 23

5. According to Benjamin Libet, the conscious mind has the power to veto motor signals from the unconscious brain ___.

   A.

   After the action has already been performed

   B.

   After the signal has been sent but before the action is performed

   C.

   In real time, as the signal is being formed somewhere deep in the brain

   QUESTION 24

6. What is reductionism in science?

   A.

   The idea that scientific theories are reducible to mathematical theorems

   B.

   None of the above. Reductionism is clearly false.

   C.

   The idea that every level of scientifically accessible level of reality can be explained in terms of the level below it. For example, that chemical facts can be reduced to facts about atoms, and atomic facts to facts about subatomic entities, etc,. In this way, the laws of biology are ultimately reducible to the laws of physics.

   D.

   The idea that scientific theories are reducible to epistemological theories