Need an research paper on how it improves managerial role. Needs to be 2 pages. Please no plagiarism. HOW IT IMPROVES MANAGERIAL ROLE by The role of information technology in management has steadily evolvedover years. This evolution has generally been driven by changes in IT, as both software and hardware have rapidly improved. The rapid changes in management IT role experienced has been brought by public management. The current normative model of public management calls upon managers to continuously enhance their agency’s performance by scanning their environment purposively and then using the resulting information to set agency targets for improved results, including customer satisfaction. The new model of management suggests ways of flattening the organization structure, streamlining its processes, and speeding up its feedback systems in order to help produce these continuously improving results. This essay will examine how IT improves the managers’ performance.

To meet the demanding expectations of a good model, an agency requires a great deal of complex data that is timely, complete information about both processes and outcomes. The model also requires that the organization have the ability to act promptly on that information. These requirements can be met only by agencies that take advantage of recent developments in information technology. Today’s companies are much larger and complex. They most likely manufacture, service, and finance what they sell. They also operate in complex, fast-changing, competitive, global environments that can quickly turn competitive advantages into competitive disadvantages.

If I am given managerial roles I will ensure that I integrate information technology in the accomplishment of organizational aims in an effective and efficient approach through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling organizational assets. The type of information am likely to deal with is on how to set annual budgets for the entity, analyzing financial information and statistics of the firm, managing staffing and recruitment levels, deal with customer complaints, and make risk assessment and health safety checks. In all these a manager can integrate IT to make his work easier for example in preparing the budget he can use applications which makes it possible to prepare budgets quickly. The manager can post performance information on intranets, making weekly and even daily information available for decision making at all levels. Coordinated service system requires coordinated information streams. Integrated information system not only increases client satisfaction but more importantly increases the agency’s ability to produce meaniful results (Garson 2003). The conventional aim of the identification and quantification of costs and benefits is to enable calculations on the relative profitability of different investment opportunities. Traditionally, the main organizational interest is the impact of IT on reducing costs and increasing revenues so when acquiring IT materials managers should consider their cost implications.

New information technology also helps managers to provide needed organizational control without strictly top-down constraints. Companies use informational technology to put more restrictions on employees if a manager believes the situation demands it. Organizational failure can result when managers are not serious about control or lack control information (Vallabhaneni 2013). Managers’ roles include interpersonal, informational and decisional roles. Interpersonal roles involve developing and maintaining positive relationships with significant others. Informational roles relate to receiving and sending information. Decisional roles involve making organizational decisions, in all these managers are required to integrate the latest and efficient IT.

Generally, with proper use of informational technology, there is more broad support for business management, related dealings, and data administration. In addition, information technology contributes to the traditions in which the company itself develops. This results from possessing the information and knowledge that these technologies offer in comparison to managing operations, customers, and the market. All in all, information technology improves the business environments influences the business environments to which it is introduced.

Bibliography

GARSON, G. D., & GARSON, G. D. (2003).&nbsp.Public information technology: policy and management issues. Hershey, PA, Information Science Publishing. http://libaccess.mcmaster.ca/login?url=http:// M. (1996).&nbsp.Information technology management and organizational innovations: proceedings of the 1996 Information Resources Management Association International Conference, Washington, D.C. Harrisburg, Pa, Idea Group Pub.

Soriano, J. L. (2011).&nbsp.Maximizing benefits from IT project management: from requirements to value delivery. CRC Press.

VALLABHANENI, S. R. (2013).&nbsp.Wiley CIA exam review. Hoboken, N.J., Wiley. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=542838.

1.Is phenylalanine glucogenic, ketogenic, or both? Explain.

2.In order to learn more about the PAH enzyme, it was necessary to purify it. PAH has been isolated from both rats and humans. In the rat, three isozymes of PAH have been identified in the liver. Their molecular weights are identical, but their charges are different, as demonstrated by isoelectric focusing. The pI values are 5.2, 5.3 and 5.6. DEAE-cellulose (anion exchange) chromatography was one of the steps in the purification procedure of the enzymes. Predict the order of elution of these isozymes from the DEAE-cellulose column. What pH buffer would you choose in running the column?

3.Once the enzyme was purified, the investigators set out to determine its properties. They wanted to see if phenylalanine, in addition to serving as a substrate for the enzyme, had an additional role in the regulation of the enzyme. Polyacrylamide gels (under denaturing and non-denaturing conditions) were carried out with the rat liver PAH. The results are shown in Figure 30.2. How do you interpret these data?

4.Next, kinetic studies were carried out with the enzymes. A plot of velocity vs. phenylalanine concentration yields a sigmoidally shaped curve. What does this tell you about the enzyme?

5.Kinetic data in which PAH activity is compared with and without preincubation with phenylalanine is shown in Figure 30.3. Give a structural basis for the interpretation of these data.

6.The effect of the hormones glucagon and insulin on PAH activity were investigated. The results are shown in Figure 30.4. In addition, the amount of radioactively-labeled phosphate incorporated into PAH with glucagon treatment was found to be nearly seven-fold greater than in controls. 

a.How would you interpret these data?

b.Draw a diagram demonstrating the mechanism for hormonal activation of PAH.

c.Which hormone activates PAH, and why?

7.Tyrosine is not an essential amino acid in normal persons, but it is essential in persons with PKU. Explain why.

8.Patients with the disease PKU tend to have blue eyes, fair hair, and very light skin. Explain why.

9.More than 60 different mutant PAH genes have been identified in PKU patients. State, in general, what effect the following changes in the DNA would have on the resulting protein. Be specific.

a.Nonsense mutations

b.Splicing mutations

c.Single base changes

10.The cause for the mental retardation associated with untreated PKU is not completely understood, but it is believed to arise from the high concentrations of phenylpyruvate, which is a product of a transamination reaction with phenylalanine and α-ketoglutarate. The phenylpyruvate is believed to be toxic to the developing brain. Write the balanced equation for the transamination of phenylalanine to phenylpyruvate, and include the structures of the reactants and products. Identify any cofactors needed to accomplish the reaction.