Write a 2 page essay on The Modern World-System.

Unlike an empire where political structure connects culture with livelihood, the political structure in the world-economy works towards connecting culture with spatial position. Cultural harmonization tends to work in the best interest of specific groups in world-economy. In core-states, integration has perpetuated disparities that exist within the world economy. World-economies are made up of core-states. Peripheral regions are weak and have low independence. Sandwiched between core-states and peripheral areas are semiperipheral areas, which are an essential component of the world-economy structure. Semiperipheral areas act as a link between core-states and peripheral areas. The modern world-economy is a typical capitalist economy. The geographical definition range, as well as the status of its self-consciousness, remains vital in assessing a class. A group self-conscious is an outcome of conflict scenarios. Class boundaries in the upper societal strata are explicit ensuring a high likelihood of maintenance of privileges. There is a single class that has established itself as a universal- capitalist class. There is always friction in the relationship between the capitalist class and all the other social strata. Strong states work in the best interest of a particular group at the expense of others. In the world-economy, structures tend to be strong in core-states, while weak among periphery areas. Exploitation and rejection of coercion still remain an integral part of the modern world economy.

Hi, need to submit a 2500 words essay on the topic Drugs, Alchohol and tobacco.

The disease of substance abuse is distinguished by compulsivity, or the irrational, negligent, uncontrollable act of resorting to drugs, alcohol, and tobacco (French et al., 2010). This essay tries to prove that addiction is a disease through a thorough examination of the nature and extent of alcohol, tobacco, and drug use in the United Kingdom.

Some people consider addiction a disease because a number of occurrences can be associated with a biological tendency and because addictive substances alter the brain. Nevertheless, every goal-directed action is moderated by the brain, and acquired behaviour is largely influenced by changes in mental functioning (Pates & Riley, 2012). For instance, genetic research suggests a biological tendency towards different kinds of criminal activities, and it appears probable that later studies will reveal that particular environmental phenomena change the brain in ways that raise the possibility of aggression or violence (Ghodse et al., 2011). Hence, by the principle of biology, criminal acts would in time develop into a disease. The assumption that addicts abuse substances against their will has been fluently explained by researchers and medical practitioners. Miller and Chappel (1991 as cited in Brownsberger & Heymann, 2009, p. 100) stated that addiction is a disease because addicts have an uncontrollable urge to abuse substances.

Yet, the assumption that behaviour is ‘uncontrollable’ does not appear to involuntarily make it a disease. Moreover, the argument that addicts are not capable of controlling their substance use is incorrect (Barton, 2012. Rassool, 2008). For instance, DSM criteria classify people who smoke one pack a day as addicts, but ever since the 1964 statement of the Surgeon General on the health impacts of smoking, tens of millions of heavy smokers have stopped smoking (Brownsberger & Heymann, 2009, pp. 100-101). Furthermore, majority of them quit without clinical support. they