The terms EFFICIENCY and EFFECTIVENESS are often used interchangeably, yet they are very different from one another.

Efficiency

Doing something at the lowest possible cost.

Effectiveness means doing the right things to create the most value for the company. For example, to be effective at a grocery store it is important to have plenty of operating check-out lines even though they may often stand idle. This is a recognition that the customer’s time is valuable and that they do not like waiting to be served in the check-out line. Often maximizing effectiveness and efficiency at the same time creates conflict between the two goals. We see this trade-off every day in our lives. At the check-out lines, being efficient means using the fewest people possible heading the lines. Being effective, though, means minimizing the amount of time customers need to wait in line.

Effectiveness

Doing the things that will create the most value for the customer.

Related to efficiency and effectiveness is the concept of value, which can be abstractly defined as quality divided by price. Here quality is the attractiveness of the product, considering its features and durability. If you can provide the customer with a better car without changing price, value has gone up. If you can give the customer a better car at a lower price, value goes way up. A major objective of this book is to show how smart management can achieve high levels of value.

QUESTION/DISCUSSION: Review your company or a company with which you are familiar. Identify how, in the past year, the company has been EFFECTIVE. AND Identify how, in the past year, the company has been EFFICIENT.

Write 1 page essay on the topic ENaC and Hypertension.

However, for individuals past the age of 45, the incidences of hypertension rise and affect more women than men [1]. In the U.S. 25% of Americans suffer from hypertension. High blood pressure varies amongst ethnic groups where African Americans have the highest risk for hypertension among Americans. Forty percent of African Americans have hypertension and it is more likely to be manifested at an earlier age than Caucasians. Hypertension is the primary cause of 25% of deaths in America today. Additionally, 47% of individuals with hypertension have blood pressure that is not under control. Most of hypertensives are resistant to common medications. They have to take more than one medication to render their blood pressure stable[3]. The pathogenesis of hypertension remains unknown. Blood pressure must be regulated to prevent damaging of vital organs. From this point, studying the molecular basis and human protein level of this disease is needed for early detection and for distinguishing markers and designing targeting therapy.

The kidneys play a major role in hypertension mainly in the maintenance of sodium balance within the body. They also maintain the balance of the volume of extracellular fluid that leads to the long term control of blood pressure. Therefore, any imbalance in sodium entry expands the blood volume leading to hormonal and vascular change in the kidneys and increasing blood pressure [2].

In relation to the various mechanisms involved in hypertension’s inheritance, two major categories exist. These are Mendelian hypertension and essential hypertension. The Mendelian form of hypertension occurs because of a single or small number of genes which are defective. These can also be either dominant or recessive [4]. In contrast, essential hypertension, which is a heterogeneous disorder of hypertension, is more complex and does not follow the kind of inheritance