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Question 2

Explain the calculations in each of the two panels below, one at a time. As in #1, consider the inputs and output – the results. Then, explain the difference between the two panels.

In panel 1 where price is given we use the IRR function in Excel to find the YTM percentage. The inputs are the sum of the cash flows which includes the purchase price and interest payments received.

In panel 2 where the required rate of return is given we use the NPV function of Excel to calculate the Net Present Value of the bond which is the amount the bond is valued at. This value determines the marketability of the bond whereas if the stock is priced less than the NPV the investor would purchase the bond and inversely if the bond was priced higher than the NPV the investor would not buy it.

The difference between the two panels is that they are analyzing the same scenario from two different perspectives – Yield to Maturity compared to Net Present Value. YTM provides insight on how the bond is priced compared to its par value while NPV provides insight on whether the bond should be purchased based on its expected returns.

 

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7.1 Assignment for Tompkins-Style Synthesis Essay

Warm Up: Your Tompkins-Style Synthesis Essay

In the beginning of Jane Tompkins’ “Indians: Textualism, Morality, and the Problem of History,” after providing some context for her relationship to the subject at hand, she identifies and describes a specific problem that must be resolved. She asserts that it “concerns the difference point of view makes when people are giving accounts of events, whether first or second hand. The problem is that if all accounts of events are determined through and through by the observer’s frame of reference, then one will never know, in any given case, what really happened” (Tompkins 102). She then takes her reluctant readers (colleagues/professors on the other side of the “theory wars”) on an adventure through extensive research of secondary and primary sources–even firsthand accounts–which help her to identify the problem and discover much about herself. Ultimately, she formulates a solution based on analyzing and evaluating a variety of sources. In essence, she synthesizes the knowlege and experience to come to a conclusion that “Reasons must be given, evidence adduced, authorities cited, and analogies drawn. Being aware that facts are motivated, believing that people are always operating in side some particular framework or other [including theory and worldview] is a pertinent argument when what is under discussion is the way beliefs are grounded. But it doesn’t give one leverage on the facts of a particular case” (Tompkins 118). Tompkins uses inductive reasoning and clever argumentation, persuasive appeals and rhetorical strategies, to persuade her reluctant reader that one can and must come to a sufficient truth on which to make moral judgements on issues that require them, and this is her major claim. She resolves “What this means for the problem I’ve been addressing is that I must piece together the story of European-Indian relationships as best I can, believing this version up to a point, that version not at all, another almost entirely, according to what seems reasonable and plausible, given everything else that I know” (Tompkins 118). Ultimately, she also asserts that the way history is taught needs to change, but that unfortunately, she is a Professor of Literature, not a History Professor. The good news is that the way history is taught has changed quote a bit since the 80’s. 

Now it is your turn to put aside any bias you may have and to “piece together” your objective research on question or issue facing this nation. Once you have determined your conclusion (major claim), you will work to persuade a reluctant/resistant (perhaps uninformed) reader to consider (maybe even accept) your position though the carefully constructed “story” and experience of your research, as Tompkins did, with advanced analysis, evaluation and synthesis of a variety of perspectives. Through your close work with Tompkins’ text, you were introduced to a nuanced, inductive argument–something you are now challenged to do. Tompkins, in particular, provides an excellent model for the project you are about to undertake. 

This essay is due on the last day of class. 

Directions

  1. Use Tompkins’ essay as a model for your own. 
  2. From the list below, choose ONE of the issues facing the United States. I have identified the issue and provided you with required sources, which you must analyze, evaluatecompare, and synthesize in your paper. 
  3. While you may already have a position on the issue you select, do not formulate your conclusion/major claim until thoroughly researching a diversity of perspectives on the issue. Practice the critical thinking skills you have learned in this course and keep an open mind. You may want to review previous modules, but you should give your mind and heart over to the research and the process of discovery–about the issue and about yourself. Tompkins shares a lot with her readers, and this in turn strengthens her argument. You should do the same.
  4. Conduct extensive research on the question/problem and distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary sources (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site., as Tompkins did, and then narrow them down to best represent a diversity of perspectives in your paper. You are not restricted to U.S. sources. You must analyze and synthesize a total of 8 perspectives, which includes the ones that are required. Tertiary sources and other research will undoubtedly be needed and used, but they do not count in the 8 required perspectives (because they do not represent perspectives).
  5. Once you determine your conclusion/major claim, identify your audience, which should be resistant to your position. Like Tompkins, you are going to take them through your research to lead them to your conclusion.  
  6. Use inductive reasoning and Tompkins’ structure as a model for the writing of your essay:
    • narrate history and personal relationship (experiential, observational, and or intellectual) to the question/problem; if you have no history or relationship to the issue, you may use someone you know–be creative. Like Tompkins, begin with a strong appeals to pathos and ethos to engage your readers;
    • establish broader, national context for question/problem–this is your kairos;
    • establish exigency; 
    • present/define question/problem;
    • summarize, analyze, compare, and evaluate authors AND their arguments representing a diversity of perspectives (key: it is not enough to look at the primary text, as you must look at the writer and the original source of publication to evaluate bias, as Tompkins did);
    • synthesize research and response to it;
    • present your conclusion, your resolution or solution to the question/problem (which may side with one or more of your sources), and provide reasons and evidence to support it–this should be a minimum of one, well-developed page, not just a final paragraph;
    • if applicable, share any new question/s or problem/s encountered as a result of your research and critical thinking (as Tompkins did in her last paragraph).  
  7. Adapt Tompkins’ style and tone with your own; it is particularly effective for a resistant audience, a way of showing (rather than “telling”) and persuading them to arrive at your conclusion. Yes, you may use “I,” as you are taking your audience through your epistemological adventure, but be strategic with it. 
  8. Note: Remember, rarely is this type of argument (often called “Rogerian”) meant to utterly convince an audience; in fact, it is enough to just get a resistant audience to reconsider their own position/perspective in light of reading your comprehensive research and synthesis. One might also say that many people do not have fully informed opinions on subjects–this paper counters that. Arguments at this level are not about “winning,” and this is not a course in debate. This is about persuading an uninformed or reluctant reader (one who does not agree with you) to reconsider their position. 
  9. TIP: Your reader should not know your position until the end of the paper; as Tompkins did, you are arguing inductively. Also, do not insult your uninformed/reluctant audience. Tone matters. Take perspectives seriously, even when they are the opposite of your own. Most of you will review Tompkins before starting this.  

Choose from this list of Contemporary Issues Facing the United States 

You must choose one of the following three options (A, B, or C) for your paper–papers not on one of these topics will receive a zero.

(Note: While the Grossmont College Databases, especially Opposing Viewpoints, are excellent and should be used for your paper, you should also have no problem finding a plethora of perspectives on any of these current issues.)

A. Should the United States give reparations to African-Americans for Slavery?

Required Sources:

  1. “The Case for Reparations,” (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. by Ta-Nehisi Coates 
  2. “The Case Against Reparations,” (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. by Kevin D. Williamson.
  3. Jordan Anderson, Letter to P.H. Anderson, (August 7, 1865) (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

B. Should the United States open its border with Mexico?

Required Sources: 

  1. “Trump Officials Make Case for Border Wall” (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.  by Mallory Shelbourne 
  2. “The Case for Getting Rid of Borders” (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. by Alex Tabarrok
  3. “Here’s the Reality About Illegal Immigration in America” (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. by Vivian Yee, Kenan Davis, and Jugal K. Patel 

C. Should college be free in the United States? 

  1. “America Wakes Up from Its Dream of Free College” (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. by Adam Harris 
  2.  “Free College Could Make America College-Free” (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. by Ryan Craig 
  3. “The Case Against Free College Tuition”  (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.by Richard Vedder 
  4. Statement by Senator Bernard Sanders on College for All Act (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Requirements

Final essay should be:

  1. a clear response to ALL of the directions; 
  2. 8-10 pages in length;
  3. in correct MLA format and style, including in-text citations and the Works Cited page (do not include a cover page); 
  4. well organized with effective transitions between ideas and paragraphs;
  5. efficient with regards to close work with sources, including, but not limited to, precise and concise summary and the smooth integration of direct quotes, block quotes, and paraphrases;
  6. the product of original, deep critical thinking, both with regards to content and form.
  7.  meticulously proofread and primarily free of sentence-level errors;  
  8. contain a minimum of eight sources representing diverse perspectives (including the ones I have provided).
  9. contain additional tertiary research.

This essay will be run through VeriCite. The program ensures originality by comparing submissions to billions of sources of academic content, publisher’s content, and against your own submissions—far beyond just Grossmont and Cuyamaca. Papers receiving a VeriCite score over 15% may result in a zero on the assignment and academic probation from the college. A VeriCite report on an essay below 15% is usually acceptable A high plagiarism percentage on VeriCite is typically over 25% (yellow, orange or red), and it almost always represents academic fraud. Please do your own work, handle your sources responsibly, and contact me if you have any questions or concerns. 

Additional Review and Resources

For this assignment, I assume you know how to do college-level research. If you feel as though your last English course did not prepare you for the type of research and critical work with sources required by this assignment, below are some resources you may find helpful:

  • Grossmont College Online Tutorial: LUCI (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. (Library User Computer Instruction). 
  • Grossmont College Citation Help  (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
  • Grossmont College Databases  (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.(Opposing Viewpoints is an exceptional database for this type of paper).
  • Top Ten Tips for Doing E-Research at College  (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.& Eight More Tips (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
  • What is Evidence? (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. 
  • MLA Style: Integrating Sources:  MLA-Integrating-Sources-Handout.pdf
  • Links to an external site.Analysis and Synthesis  (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
  • Links to an external site.Comparing and Synthesizing Sources   (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

If you have any questions, please ask them well in advance of the due date. Questions sent the night before or the day the essay is due will probably not be answered. If you experience problems uploading this essay, call the 24-hour Canvas Hotline: 1-844-600-4953. Not being able to download the paper is not an acceptable excuse. All final essays must be run through Vericite. Papers not downloaded in time will receive a zero.

Rubric for Tompkins-Style Synthesis Essay CriteriaRatingsPtsThis criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeThis essay is a comprehensive response to the directions and illustrates a deep understanding of Tompkins’ argument (it is modeled after it); the author makes a nuanced inductive argument that effectively uses the rhetorical situation, persuasive appeals, and targeted rhetorical strategies to persuade an uninformed/reluctant audience.This area will be used by the assessor to leave comments related to this criterion.150.0 ptsThis criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeThe essay is 8-12 pages in length. Long block quotes and/or images are not used to meet page count.This area will be used by the assessor to leave comments related to this criterion.50.0 ptsThis criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeThe essay is in correct MLA format and style, including in-text citations and the Works Cited page (a cover page is not included). This area will be used by the assessor to leave comments related to this criterion.50.0 ptsThis criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeThe essay is well organized with effective transitions between ideas and paragraphs.The audience should be clearly guided through the argument.This area will be used by the assessor to leave comments related to this criterion.50.0 ptsThis criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome The author works closely and critically with a minimum of 8 perspectives, introducing, summarizing, and contextualizing each of them, (i.e., academic meaty sentence, bias, etc.), and smoothly integrates direct quotes, block quotes, paraphrases with their own ideas and words. Quotes are not awkwardly dropped in and are are not used to begin or end paragraphs.Direct work with the texts is a must.This area will be used by the assessor to leave comments related to this criterion.100.0 ptsThis criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeThe essay is meticulously proofread and primarily free of sentence-level errors.Essay must represent advanced, college-level reasoning, reading, and writing skills.This area will be used by the assessor to leave comments related to this criterion.100.0 pts                                                         Total Points: 500.0 

 

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OTE:  All submitted work is to be your original work. You may not use any work from another student, the Internet or an online clearinghouse.  You are expected to understand the Academic Dishonesty and Plagiarism Policy, and know that it is your responsibility to learn about instructor and general academic expectations with regard to proper citation of sources as specified in the APA Publication Manual, 6th Ed. (Students are held accountable for in-text citations and an associated reference list only).  Serious sanctions can result from violations of any type of the Academic Dishonesty and Plagiarism including a zero on a project, a zero for the course or dismissal from the University. 

Purpose:  In the first assignment, you have the opportunity to see ethics in play in a real world scenario.  You will read the case scenario and answers the questions in a narrative format. Use headings for each question.  Headings are not the question.  You are required to use the course material to support your reasoning and the conclusions made. 

Outcomes met by completing this project:

1. identify ethical issues that arise in domestic and global business environments using an understanding of ethical concepts and of legal and business principles

Instructions

Step 1:  Write the Introduction 

Create the introductory paragraph.  The introductory paragraph is the first paragraph of the paper and tells a reader the main points covered in the paper.  To help you know how to write an introduction, view this website to learn how to write an introductory paragraph:  http:// 2: Read the Case Scenario

Kobe is one of the largest steelmakers in the world and the third largest steelmaker in Japan with more than 200 subsidiaries and 62 affiliated companies in Europe, Asia, and North America.  On April 1, 2018, Kiroya Kawasaki stepped down as CEO and President of Kobe Steel in the wake of an investigation after the company admitting to widespread falsification of quality data about metal supplied to automobile companies such as Toyota, Honda, Mazda, Subaru, Nissan and Ford.  Kobe Steel had been falsifying quality data for as many as 10 years and was aware the company was selling substandard metal (aluminum, copper and powdered steel) that was used in making molded part to companies around the world.  

Steel making is crucial to Japan’s economy and reputation for precision manufacturing providing a competitive edge over China and other countries that offer cheaper alternatives.  However, this latest scandal continues to chip away at Japan’s already marred reputation.  In 2016, Suzuki Motors and Mitsubishi admitted to cheating on test that exaggerated the fuel economy on its vehicles and Takata recalled tens of millions of vehicles for faulty airbags forcing the company into bankruptcy.  

Noted by a corporate watchdog, Japanese companies have been considered diligent about quality control but due to time, competitive pressure or other factors, when cheating occurred, it went unchecked.  Also, Japanese companies tend to discourage thorough examination or criticism from employees or independent examiners. 

At Kobe, employees were supposed to test products to ensure design standards outlined in specific customer contracts were met.  Kobe Steel admitted that in some cases the test were not carried out and in several instances employees deliberately altered inspection certificates or recorded false results to make it appear tests were carried out to meet quality standards.  Kobe also admitted that employees at several factories altered inspection certificates on copper and aluminum products between September 2016 and August 2017.  The altered records made it appear that its products met manufacturing specification set by its customers.   Two known incidents of data falsification related to tensile strength, which is vital to the resistance of a material breaking under stress and powdered steel used in molded metal parts.   Kobe sent the quality data to its customer who in turn approved shipment of the goods to customers. 

After admitting to widespread tampering of quality data, authorities in Japan and the United States started investigating Kobe.   With at least five decades of data fraud, more than 600 customers were identified as affected by Kobe’s actions.  Kobe Steel supplies manufacturing parts for automobiles, trains, aircrafts, electronics and other metal products.  During the internal review, Kobe confirmed findings of data falsification stating that the problem spanned four percent of the company’s output between September 2016 and August 2017.  Affected products included the following products that were shipped to approximately 200 companies: 

  • 19,300 tons of flat-rolled and extruded aluminum products
  • 19,400 units of aluminum casting and forgings
  • 2,200 tons of copper products

At the time, Kobe Steel declined to reveal the names of the companies affected but indicated it had not received any complaints from customers using the affected products. 

In October of 2017, Kobe Steel established an Independent Investigation Committee (IIC) that reviewed the company’s shipments between September 2016 and August 2017.  The company recognized misconduct that covered the act of fabricating inspection data that did not meet customer specifications and public standards and the shipping and delivering of products to customers as if the products conformed to customer specifications and public standards. 

Findings of the report revealed the involvement of executive officers in the misconduct but stated the involvement was limited to the Aluminum and Copper Business.  Two executive officers were aware of the misconduct but did not report the issue to their boss who was the Head of the Aluminum and Copper Business.  Another executive who was aware of the misconduct made the decision as a basic policy to gradually eliminate the production and shipment of nonconforming products.  He also decided to instruct staff to improve manufacturing processes and to stop accepting part of the orders.  

The report also showed former executive officers were directly involved with misconduct before becoming executive officers and failed to stop or correct the misconduct.  The misconduct extended beyond the Aluminum and Copper Business to other division and Group companies.

Step 3:  Answer the Following

Answer the following requirements using both the course material and case scenario facts to support the reasoning and conclusions made.  You may use additional research but are limited to two additional articles related to Kobe Steel.  All source material must be cited and referenced.

  • Identify and discuss the ethical issues related to the Kobe Steel scandal. 
  • Identify the stakeholders involved in the Kobe Steel scandal.  Be thorough and specific.
  • Discuss the potential implications of Kobe Steel’s actions on each stakeholder or stakeholder group.  Give examples.
  • Discuss how corporate culture played a role in Kobe Steel’s misconduct.
  • Explain how a utilitarian would view the misconduct actions of Kobe Steel.
  • Explain how Aristotle would view the actions of Kobe Steel’s employees.
  • Using Kant’s ethical theory, explain how the new CEO should address the quality issues and unethical behavior of the employees to ease the minds of the company’s stakeholders.

Step 4:  Review the Paper 

Read the paper to ensure all required elements are present.  Use the grading rubric to ensure that you gain the most points possible for this assignment. 

Proofread the paper for spelling and grammatical issues, and third person writing. 

  • Read the paper aloud as a first measure;
  • Use the spell and grammar check in Word as a second measure;
  • Have someone who has excellent English skills proofread the paper;
  • Consider submitting the paper to the Effective Writing Center (EWC).  The EWC will provide 4-6 areas that may need improvement.

Step 5:  Submit the paper in the Assignment Folder (The assignment submitted to the Assignment Folder will be considered the student’s final product and therefore ready for grading by the instructor.  It is incumbent upon the student to verify the assignment is the correct submission.  No exceptions will be considered by the instructor).

How to Set Up the Paper

Create a Word or Rich Text Format (RTF) document that is double-spaced, 12-point font.  The final product will be between 4-6 pages in length excluding the title page and reference page.  Write clearly and concisely.

Completing the Paper 

In order to complete this project, you will want to first read the module, Learn How to Support What You Write, as this assignment requires you to use the course material and research to support what you write.  Also,

  • Read and use the grading rubric while completing the exercise to ensure all requirements are met that will lead to the highest possible grade.  
  • Third person writing is required.  Third person means that there are no words such as “I, me, my, we, or us” (first person writing), nor is there use of “you or your” (second person writing).  If uncertain how to write in the third person, view this link:  http:// 
  • Contractions are not used in business writing, so do not use them.  
  • Paraphrase and do not use direct quotation marks.  Paraphrase means you do not use more than four consecutive words from a source document.  Instead put a passage from a source document into your own words and attribute the passage to the source document.  Not using direct quotation marks means that there should be no passages with quotation marks and instead the source material is paraphrased as stated above.  Note that a reference within a reference list cannot exist without an associated in-text citation and vice versa.   You may not use more than four consecutive words from a source document, as doing so would require direct quotation marks.  Changing words from a passage does not exclude the passage from having quotation marks.   If more than four consecutive words are used from source documents, this material will not be included in the grade and could lead to allegations of academic dishonesty.
  • You are expected to use the case scenarios and weekly course material to develop the analysis and support the reasoning.   There should be a robust use of the course material and case scenario facts.  Material used from a source document must be cited and referenced.  A reference within a reference list cannot exist without an associated in-text citation and vice versa.  Changing words from a passage does not exclude the passage from having quotation marks.   If more than four consecutive words are used from source documents, this material will not be included in the grade and could lead to allegations of academic dishonesty.
  • Use in-text citations and provide a reference list that contains the reference associated with each in-text citation.
  • The only book you may use is the course eBook.  This project only allows you to use the course material plus two additional articles related to Kobe Steel.  You may not use a dictionary or Wikipedia.
  • Provide the page or paragraph number in every in-text citation presented.  If the eBook does not have pages, provide the chapter title and topic heading. 

Self-Plagiarism: Self-plagiarism is the act of reusing significant, identical or nearly identical portions of one’s own work.  You cannot re-use any portion of a paper or other graded work that was submitted to another class even if you are retaking this course.   You also will not reuse any portion of previously submitted work in this class.  A zero will be assigned to the assignment if self-plagiarized.  Faculty do not have the discretion to accept self-plagiarized work.

 

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Hi, I am looking for someone to write an article on psychology of dreams or the interpretation of dreams Paper must be at least 2000 words. Please, no plagiarized work! There are two categories involved in the REM cycle: tonic and phasic. Other characteristics of the REM cycle include low muscle tone and rapid, low voltage electroencephalography (EEG). There are no dominating brain waves while the REM cycle is in process.

In a normal, typical night, people experience four to five instances of REM sleep, lasting a total of an hour and a half to two hours. It is common when a person wakes up after a REM cycle. The majority of the dreams that people are able to recall take place during the rapid eye movement cycle. This may have to do with the fact that most people wake up after a REM cycle takes place, which would be after having a dream.

Lucid dreams, also known as conscious dreams, are dreams that a person is aware that they are having while they are having it. This awareness takes place while a dream is in progress. During lucid dreaming, the person is able to have control over their characters and the environment, which includes making their characters do extraordinary things, or making them inhabit places that are otherwise impossible to inhabit in real life. Despite the surreal nature of a lucid dream, they are very vivid and realistic to the dreamer.

There are two different ways that a lucid dream can occur. The first way is known as a dream-initiated lucid dream when the dream starts off normally, but then the dreamer comes to the conclusion that what is taking place is a dream. A wake-initiated lucid dream is when the dreamer goes straight into a dream state while still awake – there is no lapse in consciousness.

Post-traumatic dreams are often associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and come along after a traumatic event has taken place in a person’s life. Many of these dreams recall the event that happened, often with different, uneventful outcomes, which often have to deal with the guilt that&nbsp.a person feels, depending on what their situation had been.&nbsp.

 

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