Respond to…

Describe the evolution of the virtual organization

The evolution of the virtual organization is vast.  According to Baack (2017), “define a virtual organization as a geographically distributed organization whose members are bound by a long-term common interest or goal, and who communicate and coordinate their work through information technology” (Ch.10.2). Operations in the virtual sector are unique how they communicate with each other. According to Baack (2017), “Virtual organizations work across space, time, and organizational boundaries with links strengthened by webs of communication” (Ch.10.2). Virtual organizations evolved drastically because of the customer expectations, global competition, time, change, and the overall increase of technology throughout the years. Companies elect to create a virtual organization because most products and services are no longer produced at a single corporation anymore. Virtual organizations are helping companies to be more innovated while expanding their product globally.

What are the pros and cons associated with this design?

There are pros and cons associated with anything. The pros can include finances to conduct operations are significantly lower than a traditional organization. Companies who elect to become virtual organizations don’t have to spend the normal operating expenses on rental properties since they do not need to have office spaces for their team members. There is another pro which also allows the organization more flexibility in terms or outsourcing because they have the ability to communicate electronically. A con to virtual organizations is that the company may lack personal communication because some teams may not elect to have face to face interactions. Another con is the lack of social interaction between employees and this can contribute in individuals losing motivation which in turn may be a detriment to production.

Provide examples of three technological devices/concepts that have had the greatest impact on virtual organizations.

The three technological devices and concepts that have had greatest impact on virtual organizations are the world wide web, social media and the availability to outsource staff. Everyone uses the internet to communicate and virtual organizations are no different in this regard. Social media has made a major impact because a lot of people in organizations use it to communicate with each other through telephone, message or video. Lastly outsourcing has had an impact with virtual organizations because they can keep costs down by not having to spend on rental properties for their staff.

Reference

Baack, D. (2017). Organizational behavior (2nd ed.). Retrieved from https://ashford.content.edu

Complete 2 pages APA formatted article: Principles of Home Microeconomics. Principles of Home Microeconomics

Date due

1. Every day, Ivan buys 2 cups of coffee and a sandwich for lunch. The price of coffee is $2 per cup and the price of a sandwich is $5. Ivan’s choice of lunch maximizes his utility and he spends only $9 on lunch. Compare Ivan’s marginal utility for coffee and his marginal utility from the sandwich.

For Ivan to take two cups of coffee, then the marginal utility of the first glass of coffee must exceed $2, while the marginal utility of second glass equals $2. Ivan’s marginal utility of sandwich is $5. Therefore, Ivan attaches a higher utility to sandwich than the second glass of coffee. however, the first glass of coffee might have provided a higher utility.

2. Newspaper vending machines are designed so that once you have paid for one paper you have access to all the papers in the machine and could take multiple papers at a time. However, other vending machines dispense only one item (the item you bought). You do not have access to all the goods (sodas, candy, snacks, etc.) at one time. Using the concept of marginal utility, explain why these vending machines differ?

News papers are mutually exclusive, once the first paper is picked. the marginal utility of picking a second paper is almost zero. Note that the news found in the second newspaper picked are the same as the first newspaper hence picking the second paper constitutes negligible utility gain hence no need for restriction. However, customers will always have an incentive to pick different goods from the other vending machines since every second good picked has a utility gain, hence the restriction. For instance a combination of soda and snacks yield to a higher utility than soda alone.

3. Briefly explain the relevant portions shown in a backward sloping labor supply curve. How are the various possibilities derived?

Contrary to the normal supply curve, labor supply curve is not purely positively sloped, but bends backwards changing to negative slope at higher wages. This is due to contradicting forces of substation effect and income effects as wage rises. Workers substitute working hours to leisure. Wage rise increases the incentive to work hence positive substitution effect. On the other hand, increase in wage implies that workers can achieve their target income by working less hours hence the negative income effect. At low wages, substitution effect is more than income affects hence the total effect s positive. However, as wages rise, income effect increases and at a certain point the total effect becomes zero, then negative, hence the backward turn.

4. The financial advisor Andrew Tobias described an incident that occurred when he was a student at the Harvard Business School: Each student in the class was given a large amount of information about a particular firm and asked to determine a pricing strategy for the firm. Most of the students spent hours preparing their answers and came to class carrying many sheets of paper with their calculations. Tobias came up with the answer after just a few minutes and without having made any calculations. When his professor called on him in class for an answer, Tobias stated, “The case said the XYZ Company was in a very competitive industry…and the case said that it had all the business it could handle.” Given this information, what price do you think Tobias argued the company should charge? Briefly explain. [Tobias says the class greeted his answer with “thunderous applause”.]

XYZ Company took the prevailing market price. Note that XYZ operated in a competitive market environment and thus had no power to change prices. With many sellers and buyers as well as perfect information flow, then any price above or below market price would result to zero sales.

5. Edward Scahill produced table lamps in a perfectly competitive desk lamp market.

a. Fill in the missing variables in the following table:

Output per Week

Total Cost

Total Fixed Cost

Total Variable Cost

AFC

AVC

ATC

MC

0

$100

100

0

–

–

–

–

1

150

100

50

100

50

150

–

2

175

100

75

50

38.5

88.5

25

3

190

100

90

33.33

30

63.33

15

4

210

100

110

25

27.5

52.5

10

5

240

100

140

20

28

48

30

6

280

100

180

16.67

30

46.67

40

7

330

100

230

14.29

32.86

47.15

50

8

390

100

290

12.5

36.25

48.75

60

9

460

100

360

11.11

40

51.11

70

10

540

100

440

10

44

54

80

b. Suppose that the equilibrium price in the desk lamp market is $50. How many table lamps should Scahill produce, and how much profit will he make.

In a competitive market, maximum profit is attained when Price = Marginal cost

Thus Q* = 7

Profit = (price * quantity) – Total cost = TR –TC

= (50 *7) – 330

= $20

c. If next week the equilibrium price of desk lamps drops to $30, should Scahill shut down? Explain.

At a price of $30, optimal Q= 5(where P=MC).

Maximum Profit attainable = 30*5 – 210 = -60

The firm should shut down since the market price is too low to cover production costs.

6. Suppose an assistant professor of economics is earning a salary of $75,000 per year. One day she quits her job, sells $100,000 worth of bonds that had been earning 5 percent per year, and uses the funds to open a bookstore. At the end of the year, she shows an accounting profit of $90,000 on her income tax return. What is her economic profit?

Economic profit = accounting profit – opportunity cost

Opportunity costs = $75000 (salary forgone) + 5% * $100,000 (bond interest forgone)

= $80,000

Economic profit = 90000-80000

= $10,000

7. Briefly explain why monopolists are not allocatively efficient and briefly describe what results from these circumstances.

Being a single producer, monopolists restrict quantity to attract higher prices. This is made possible by the negative relationship between quantity demanded and price. Monopolists MR curve is twice as steep as the AR(demand) curve, therefore at equilibrium quantity (where MC=MR), consumers are willing to pay a price higher than MR resulting economic profits. Consumer surplus is significantly reduced.

8. Briefly discuss the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), including an explanation of what it is used for and how it is calculated.

HHI conventionally accepted measure of market concentration. Literally, HHI refers to the summation of squares of market shares of all firms existing in a particular market. A low HHI signifies high degree of market concentration. Notably, in market characterized by many suppliers, with each having a market share approximately equal to zero, the summations of squares will also be close to zero and hence the market will be close to perfect competition structure. A monopoly will have an HHI of 10,000 (i.e. 100%2)

Work cited

Mankiw, N G. Principles of Economics. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2009.