Andrews Company has $80,000 available to pay dividends. It has 2,000 shares of 10%, $100 par, preferred stock and 30,000 shares of $10 par common stock outstanding. The preferred stock is selling for $125 per share, and the common stock is selling for $20 per share

c. Preferred stock is fully participating and cumulative. Preferred dividends are 1 year in arrears at the beginning of the year.

6 answers required for

Schedule of Dividends

                                                              Preferred                                                                                                    Common

Dividends in Arrears                               xxxxxxx

Current Preferred Dividends                   xxxxxxx

Common proportional share                                                                                                                                    xxxxxxx

Remainder                                                                                                                                                               xxxxxxx

Total                                                       xxxxxx                                                                                                       xxxxxxx

In the article, Fears Founded and Unfounded, author Sigmund Freud explains his theory between actual and unstable fears. For example, one person might fear what another does not based on either knowledge/experience or their perception of a certain thing. In addition, Freud expresses that, fear could in fact, cause more harm than good in a situation, and that it is better to use rational thinking to analyze the situation to determine the best outcome rather than let fear drive certain behaviors and actions. However, fear is also a part of our safe keeping as it alerts us to real danger, so it is important to take this in consideration when determining whether the fear is real or an exaggerated misconception (2017).

Examine how this theory/research provides insight into differences in psychological functioning.

In layman’s terms, what does the theoretical perspective, that you explain, tell us about the differences between people and how they behave, think, and feel?  How might it explain why they do what they do?

Basically, it says that people who might be facing a true life and death situation might be facing a real fear brought on by self-preservation, while others are dealing with over exaggerated fallacy’s that are only causing more damage to the well-being of the individual mental health.

Illustrate with an example from your own observation or experience.

What personal experiences or observations of these types of behaviors might be able to be explained by this perspective?

Ia friend of mine was diagnosed with Social Anxiety Disorder, regarding my past experiences it has been common that in many social situations she has faced caused or led to negative consequences in life, so now she associates any social situation as having some kind of negative experience. This could be considered a false fear for some, but from my understanding it is based off prior experiences. 

References

Eagle, M. N. (2019). Review of Freud: An intellectual biography. Psychoanalytic Psychology. https://doi-org.proxy-library.ashford.edu/10.1037/pap0000236

Anderson, J. W. (2017). An interview with Henry A Murray on his meeting with Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 34(3), 322–331. https://doi-org.proxy-library.ashford.edu/10.1037/pap0000073

Cook, B. A. (2015). Sigmund Freud. Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia

Freud, S. (2017). Fears Founded and Unfounded. Lapham’s Quarterly, 10(3), 114

Student 2: Lisa:

Select one noted psychologist  

           Stanley Milgram

Locate a scholarly article

Milgram S. Behavioral Study of Obedience. Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology. 1963;67(4):371. http://search.ebscohost.com.proxy-library.ashford.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edo&AN=22903410&site=eds-live&scope=site. Accessed April 15, 2019

Describe your selected psychologist and his or her main contributions to the field.

Stanley Milgram was a social psychologist know for obedience experiments. His research was aimed at seeing how far people are willing to go to obey authority. His experiments raised some questions on ethical issues as well.  The biggest contribution Stanley Milgram made is seen today in how experiments are done and what is accepted and allowed to take place during the experiments.  

summarize the scholarly article

The article is a guide to the steps taken in an experiment which would determine how obedience play a part in the harming of others. The test subject was put in front of a machine which had buttons each button was a connected to a shock generator which was attached to a complete stranger in another room. The test subject would ask a question to the person hooked to the receiving end of the shock device. If the question was answered incorrectly the test subject would have to shock them. There were 30 buttons and every button were labeled from slight shock to Danger, sever shock. The test was performed to find out how far the person was willing to go if an authority figure was telling them to proceed with shocking the person.

Examine how this theory/research provides insight into differences in psychological functioning.

This experiment shows a lot about how the human mind works. Most people in the experiment was dismissive to the other person who was receiving the shock, simply because an authority figure told them to press the button. Some stopped a questioning their action but still proceeded in delivering the shocks. Very few stood up and said this is wrong I will not do it.  

This is in my opinion very disturbing to say the least. For a human to know they are hurting someone else and proceed to do so even when they know they are wrong just because someone who is perceived as having authority told them to do so.  This shows humans will do whatever they are told to do as long as they do not feel like they are responsible for the act.

Guided Response:  Reply to at least one peer who chose a hypothesis other than the one you selected and two or more peers overall.  The goal of this interactive learning activity is to foster creative and critical thinking. Consider the following questions in your responses:

· What ethical or methodological considerations may have been overlooked by your peer? 

· Suggest an alternate descriptive method (e.g., case study, survey, naturalistic observation) to test the same idea. 

Student 1: Carlen:

Select a hypothesis from the following list

Attractive people are more likely to be asked on a date.

Briefly summarize a perspective (e.g., behaviorism, psychodynamic theory, cognitivism, humanism, sociocultural perspectives, and biological/physiological/psychological) that you might apply to your study of this topic.  Explain how it may be relevant to your understanding of this topic.

Sociocultural perspective is what I chose because where you are or what you do and surround yourself with affects you prospective on most things and I believe social media changes your prospective on things.

Describe a simple experiment Preview the document that you might conduct to test the hypothesis you have chosen.  In your description, include the following:

Identify the independent and dependent variables, clearly operationalizing each. To test my theory I would use social media (Independent variable) and the type of dating apps would be my (Dependent variable). I would make it so I had 3 females and 3 male’s swiping on tinder and other dating sites and watch who they swipe. I would get the base line “hot” score by asking everyone what they prefer and making them vote and the most common selections would be what the base line is. Then watch them utilize the apps and see if who they swipe on matches the base line. One way that we could stop people from being bias is what I said, make a base line for hot and even if they swipe off of that it won’t count for the “hot” list.

Student 2: Pamela:

Hypothesis:  Reading to a child will result in a more extensive vocabulary.

Although Neurologist Sigmund Freud’s is well known as the founder of psychoanalysis, his theories were criticized and not widely accepted by his colleagues then or today because of weak, experimental methods, and his theories were hard to test so, they can not be deemed as true or false (LeFrancois, 2016, sec 9.2). 

According to LeFrancois, (2016), the description of psychology is based on a wide field of study; it is sometimes compared to a puzzle that requires placing the different pieces in the correct order.  Psychology is a social science that studies human behavior and the mental process through theory and hypothesis while specializing in trying to uncover the reason why people experience psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression addiction and relationship problems (LeFrancois, 2016).  The psychological study of the human mind is relevant to understanding and assessing the impact that research has on cognitive development and how it relates to behavior and emotions in children and adults.

Psychological Experiment:  Reading to a child will result in a more extensive vocabulary.

Theory:  Research shows that not only talking to your children but reading to them increases their vocabulary states Professor Dominic Massaro, (as cited in Fry, 2015).  Developing mastery over words expands grammatical understanding and is a strategy for competent literacy skill (Fry, 2015).

Simple experiment:  3-years olds divided into a group with books and a group without in separate area.   

Independent Variable:   Group A is 3- year old children being read to by parents and teacher utilizing books that describe objects and show scenes being portrayed, increasing their knowledge and vocabulary with new words.

Dependent Variables: Group B parents talks to 3-year old children utilize day-to-day language exchanges with parents, teachers and each other as they look at picture books and talk about what they see.  Without guidance, these children will not understand the importance of literacy or have an extensive vocabulary.

Observation 1: The children in Group A are not only looking at and enjoying the pictures in the book they are listening and following along as the speakers read the text aloud.  Professional parents who are educated usually have an extensive vocabulary and provide stimulating conversation and reading material.    

Observation 2: The children in Group B are using generalized communication with each other, and the adults present by exchanging conversation on topics about their, toys, people and pictures in their surroundings.  Parents education level may place a limit on vocabulary as well as their socioeconomic status.

To control potential mistakes and confusion children are placed in separate areas to be observed.  Children in Group A are placed in circle time where the choice of books are available, and they are encouraged to choose a favorite to be read by a nonconnected observer.  Children in Group B are sat at a table in a different room with another nonconnected observer and are each asked to pick a book and talk about the story.  Because children are stimulated and repeat language they hear reading to them opens a world of new words, language patterns and meaning.

According to LeFrancois (2016), a step a researcher could take to prevent bias is to make sure that whoever collects the information or data is not aware of which group is the experiment group and which is the test group.  Another prevention is to make sure that the subject is not aware that they are a part of an experimental group (LeFrancois, 2016).  

Eliminating bias in a controlled experiment ensures that an accurate and trustworthy result is obtained and that the objective is determined to be sound.

                                                                       References

Fry, S., (2015) Study says reading aloud to children, more than talking, builds literacy.  Retrieved from https://edsource.org/2015/study-says-reading-aloud-to-children-more-than-talking-builds-literacy/82045

LeFrancois, G. (2016). Psychology: The human puzzle (2nd ed.). [Electronic version]. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/