Consider a variant of the Stop-and-Wait (SAW) protocol where the full- duplex communication is possible, i.e., both sides can transmit data at the same time.

While it works in the same way as the SAW protocol, the only difference is that the sender keeps transmitting the same frame (with the same sequence number) over and over until to receive its ACK from the receiver, instead of waiting until the timer expires for retransmissions. Whenever the receiver receives a duplicate frame, it simply drops the frame but still transmits its ACK. Similarly when the sender receives a duplicate ACK, it simply ignores the ACK. Assume that each frame does not reach the receiver or its ACK does not make it back to the sender with probability 1 p, i.e., the transmission of a frame (and its ACK) is successful with probability p. Show the efficiency n of this data link protocol.

Compose a 2000 words essay on Critically evaluate the main ideas and theories in ‘The Communist Manifesto’ by Marx and Engels. Needs to be plagiarism free!

he communist manifesto and it implications to our modern times, let us look into the theories of capitalism and communism that served as the foundations of the manifesto.

Capitalism is one of the most widely discussed theories in the Communist manifesto. Here, Marx discussed at length the effects of capitalism in relation to labor. Marx considers capitalism as a specific mode of production whereby productivity is dictated by the people who controlled the mode of production (Burnham, Peter (2003). Marx sees the “bourgeois society” as advanced form of social organization whereby the people who controls the wealth also controls production (Marx and Engels, 1948). To distinguish the value of commodities, Marx presented the idea that value of use of commodities is different from their exchange value in the market. He believed that capital is created to when one purchases commodities to create another commodity that can command a higher value in the market.

According to Marx, labor becomes like any other commodity under a capitalist society in the sense that labor earns less value for its service compared to the value that the capitalist derived from labor. A good example of this scenario is a person who offers his or her service to a big manufacturing company in exchange for minimum wage. Marx argued that the difference in the value of the service rendered by the employee and the value derived by the employee from the service rendered by the employee is surplus value which the capitalist earned on the expense of labor. (Marx, 1909). Under this principle, since labor has less influence and power over production, labor is continuously exploited. All throughout the discussions in the communist manifesto, Marx struggled to present how the labor sector is exploited by reason of its status in society which gives it less bargaining powers compared to the “bourgeois”.

For anti-capitalists, the Communist manifesto represents the history of the struggle of the proletariat and