Hi, need to submit a 2000 words essay on the topic Estrogen Signaling.

Estrogen is one of the important sex hormones. It has definite physiological roles, the most important of which are sexual and reproductive functions. Other biological roles include involvement in various functions attributing to the cardiovascular, immune, central nervous system and musculoskeletal systems (Gustafsson, 2003. cited in Heldring, 2007: 906). The body produces many estrogen types, the most potent of which is 12- beta estradiol or E2. E2, along with its 2 metabolites estriol and estrone exerts various biophysiological effects in the body (Heldring, 2007). These effects are mediated through binding of the molecules of estrogen to specific estrogen receptors. Currently, 2 specific estrogen receptors have been identified and they are ER-alpha and ER-beta. These receptors belong to class-1 nuclear receptors (Petterson and Gustafsson, 2001. cited in Heldring, 2007: 907). Binding of the ligands to these receptors induces certain conformation changes in the receptor which in turn leads to a series of changes in the receptors and ultimately ends in the preinitiation complex. The changes which occur in the receptors are migration of ER from cytosol to nucleus, dimerisation of the receptor molecules, binding and interactions between dimerised receptor protein and specific sequences of DNA, recruitment of various coregulator proteins concerned with the biological action and also recruitment of various transcription factors (Paech, Webb, Kuiper, et al,1997. cited in Heldring, 2007: 908).

The following are the prices paid for the American televisionbroadcasting rights of the summer Olympics since 1980:Moscow—NBC agreed to pay $85 million; 1984 in LosAngeles—ABC paid $225 million; 1988 in Seoul—NBCpaid $300 million; 1992 in Barcelona—NBC paid $401million; 1996 through 2008—NBC will pay $3.6 billion;2010—NBC paid $820 million; 2012 in London—NBC willpay $1.18 billion for its American broadcast rights. Assumeyou have been charged with the responsibility of determiningthe IOC and local Olympic Committee’s asking pricesfor the Rio de Janeiro 2016 television broadcast rights forfi ve different markets: Japan, China, Australia, the EuropeanUnion, and Brazil. Determine a price for each, and justifyyour decisions.2. Your instructor may assign you to represent either the IOC orany one of the television networks in each of the fi ve countriesthat have been asked to bid for the broadcast rights forthe Rio de Janeiro 2016 Games. Prepare to negotiate pricesand other organizational details.