Write 2 pages with APA style on How Effective Is Drug Abuse Resistance Education. Assignment 8 al Affiliation Assignment 8 The focus of this study d How Effective Is Drug Abuse Resistance Education? AMeta-Analysis of Project DARE Outcome Evaluations is Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE’s) core curriculum that is offered to pupils in the last grades of elementary school. The authors evaluate short-term effectiveness of the core curriculum using meta-analytic technique to integrate the evaluation results of several studies (Ennett, Tobler, Ringwalt, & Flewelling, 1994).

For the methodology, the authors used meta-analytic technique to review the eight different methodologically rigorous DARE evaluations. The authors tried to find all quantitative evaluations of DARE’s core curriculum through a survey of DARE’S five Regional Training Centers, telephone interviews with those involved with DARE and computerized searches of published and unpublished literature. There are no methodological flaws in the methods used by the authors and the methods they used were the best for the focus of their study (Ennett, Tobler, Ringwalt, & Flewelling, 1994).

The researchers found out that the effect of drug use behavior after the implementation of DARE core curriculum ranged .00 to .11 across the eight studies that were included in the study. The mean was .06. The authors also found out that DARE effect size was the one that produced substantially smaller means compared to other interventions emphasizing on social and general competencies (Ennett, Tobler, Ringwalt, & Flewelling, 1994). The practical significance of these findings is that they suggest that the effect of DARE’s core curriculum on the use of drugs relative to drug education is slight and insignificant except in the case of tobacco use. However, this does not mean that DARE’s core curriculum is not effective. Rather, it might be because it is used among elementary children who mostly do not use drugs.

The authors considered all the relevant studies as they conducted a search of other studies on the use of DARE’s core curriculum an also conducted a primary research for the study. The consideration of these aspects helped the authors reach the conclusion presented in the study, which helps establish the credibility and validity of the study.

The authors have discussed the relevant limitations of the study. For instance, they acknowledge that there have been few studies on the use of DARE’s core curriculum. They also mention that DARE has been used on children at the elementary level most of who are not actively involved in the use of drugs, therefore affecting the overall effectiveness of DARE’s core curriculum implementation (Ennett, Tobler, Ringwalt, & Flewelling, 1994).

The conclusions are justified based on the results presented in the studies. The conclusions are made in relation to facts from the results, for instance acknowledging the effectiveness of DARE to low frequency of drug use among elementary school pupils that were the target of the study. The authors have ruled out alternative explanations of study findings for instance the effect of DARE to non-drug related issues, which was statistically significant (Ennett, Tobler, Ringwalt, & Flewelling, 1994).

The study fits with other research on the subject because it clearly refers to the acknowledging the fact that they are few, thereby contributing to the growth of research on the subject. The study results are relevant to Public Administration setting because by looking at the results, public administrations can decide whether to use DARE’s core curriculum for the target group or improve it and use it for other groups that are heavily affected by drug-related issues.

Reference

Ennett, S. T., Tobler, N. S., Ringwalt, C. L., & Flewelling, R. L. (1994). How effective is drug

abuse resistance education? A meta-analysis of Project DARE outcome evaluations. American Journal of Public Health, 84(9), 1394-1401.

Create a 3 page essay paper that discusses The U.S. financial system and its many complexities which are impacted by several environmental factors, including federal regul.

The Federal Reserve situates the monetary policy of the nation in order to encourage the stable prices, objectives of highest employment, and reasonable interest rate for long-term basis. The biggest challenge for all the policy makers, is that pressure among the set goals might take place in short run as well as the information with respect to economy is accessible only with a delay and chances are that it might be inadequate. Financial markets assist in effectively directing the flow of investments and savings within the economy which facilitates the growth of capital along with production of products and services in different ways. The ideal blend of strong institutions and financial markets as well as different range of financial instruments and products, perfectly fits with the lenders and borrowers’ need and hence the entire economy. Financial Markets and Institutions A financial market includes bonds or trade stocks, an instrument includes derivatives and bank CDs and institutions includes banks, insurance companies and funds. They all offer opportunities to investors so that they can specialize in diversify risks, specific market and/or services, or both and can exchange financial assets (Fabozzi, 2002). How Economy is affected by Monetary Policy? The preliminary connection in the chain among the economy and monetary policy is market for stability which takes place at Federal Reserve Banks. At reserve banks, depository institutions have their accounts, and they vigorously trade the balances which are kept in the accounts with an interest rate termed as federal funds rate. Federal Reserve has control on federal funds rate with an influence on demand and supply at Reserve Banks. Any change in expectation or in the rate of federal funds can affect other short and long term rate of interest, stock price and the value of dollar with respect to foreign exchange. This in turn affects spending decision of business and households which ultimately distress growth in the economy and aggregate demand. In Federal Reserve Act, the targets of monetary policy are shared which states that the Committee of Federal Open Market and the Board of Governors must look forward to encourage effectively the targets of highest employment rate along with stable prices and interest rates. When the prices are constant or stable and are expected to remain the same, inflation has no effect on the process of services, goods, labor and materials and thus helps in contributing in higher living standard. This also helps in capital formation by helping in saving because when threat of attrition of asset values minimized, business got the opportunity to invest more whereas households are encouraged for more saving. Influence of Interest Rate on U.S. and Global Financial Environment Interest rates are always been proposed as policy guide, not only they serve the role of spending decisions also because interest rates information is accessible on the basis of real-time. The proper level of rate of interest will differ with fiscal policy stance, changes in spending pattern of business and household, global economic development and productivity growth. Modifications in interest rate on long-term basis will affect on stock prices, which will create a remarkable effect on the wealth of household. Investors keep in line both their investment returns on